When the Earth, Sun and Moon are nearly in a straight line, with the Earth in the middle, we have a Full Moon.
The phases of the Moon or the different shapes of the Moon, that we see, are caused by the different angles from which we see the illuminated part of it's surface.(Try shining a light on a sphere to demonstrate this in a darkened room).In other words we cannot always see all of the illuminated part of the Moon.
The Lunar Month